first minikiss, now this:
Scientists Find Skeletons of Miniature PeopleBy NICHOLAS WADE
Published: October 27, 2004
Once upon a time, but not so long ago, in a tropical island midway
between Asia and Australia, there lived a race of little people, whose
adults stood just three and a half feet high. Despite their stature,
they were mighty hunters. They made stone tools with which they speared
giant rats, clubbed sleeping dragons, and hunted the packs of pygmy
elephants that roamed their lost world.
Strangest of all, this is no fable. Skeletons of these miniature people
have been excavated from a limestone cave on Flores, an island 370
miles east of Bali, by a team of Australian and Indonesian
archaeologists. Reporting their find in today's issue of Nature, they
assign the people to a new human species, Homo floresiensis.
The little Floresians lived on the island until at least 13,000 years
ago, and possibly to historic times. But they were not a pygmy form of
modern humans. They were a downsized version of Homo erectus, the
eastern cousin of the Neanderthals of Europe. Their discovery means
that archaic humans, who left Africa a million years or so earlier than
modern people, survived far longer into the modern period than was
previously supposed.
The island of Flores is very isolated and, before modern times, was
inhabited only by a select group of animals that managed to reach it.
These then became subject to unusual evolutionary forces that propelled
some toward giantism and downsized others.
The carnivorous lizards that reached Flores, perhaps on natural rafts,
became giant-sized and still survive, though now confined mostly to the
nearby island of Komodo; they are called Komodo dragons. Elephants are
excellent swimmers; those that reached Flores evolved to a dwarf form
the size of an ox.
Previous excavations by Dr. Mike J. Morwood, a member of the team that
found the little Floresians, showed that Homo erectus had arrived on
Flores by 840,000 years ago, to judge from the evidence of crude stone
tools. Presumably the descendants of these Homo erectus became subject
to the same evolutionary forces that downsized the elephants.
In a written commentary accompanying the article, two anthropologists
not connected with the find, Dr. Marta Mirazon Lahr and Dr. Robert
Foley of the University of Cambridge, say it is "among the most
outstanding discoveries in paleoanthropology for half a century."
The first little Floresian, an adult female, was found in September
2003, buried under about 20 feet of silt that coats the floor of the
Liang Bua cave in Flores. A team of paleoanthropologists headed by Dr.
Peter Brown, of the University of New England in Armidale, Australia,
identifies the skeleton, which is not fossilized, as a very small but
otherwise individual, similar to Homo erectus. Because the downsizing
is so extreme - smaller than modern human pygmies - they assign it to a
new species.
In a companion report Dr. Morwood, an archaeologist who is also at the
University of New England, estimates that the skeleton is 18,000 years
old. He has since found the remains of six more individuals in the
cave, with dates ranging from 95,000 to 13,000 years ago, he said in an
interview.
Also buried in the cave are a number of objects that illustrate how the
little Floresians lived. There are bones of Komodo dragons, beasts 10
feet in length, and of an even larger lizard. The dragons can eat
animals the size of deer, but as cold-blooded animals they are sluggish
at low temperatures and not so hard to kill.
There are bones of the pygmy elephant, giant rat, fish and birds. There
is evidence the Floresians knew the use of fire. And there is a suite
of stone tools, considerably more sophisticated than any yet known to
have been made by Homo erectus. The tools include small blades that
might have been mounted on wooden shafts.
If the stone tools were made by the little Floresians, as Dr. Morwood
believes, that is striking evidence of their cognitive abilities. Dr.
Morwood says they must have hunted cooperatively to bring down the
pygmy elephants. To conduct such hunts, and to fabricate such complex
stone tools, they almost certainly had some form of language, he said.
This will be a surprising finding, if true, because the little people
have brains slightly smaller than a chimpanzee and similar in size to
Australopithecenes, the apelike ancestors of the human line.
Dr. Foley said he would not rule out Dr. Morwood's suggestion but noted
that chimpanzees hunt cooperatively without using language. Modern
humans are known to have reached Australia by at least 40,000 years ago
and were probably in the general neighborhood of Flores at the same
time, so it is plausible that they could have been the makers of the
stone tools. "I think it's a big jump" to assume the Floresians had
language, Dr. Foley said.
Dr. Morwood said he has found no sign of modern humans in Flores before
11,000 years ago so has no basis for associating them with the tools in
the Liang Bua cave. Dr. G. Philip Rightmire, a paleoanthropologist at
Binghamton University in New York, said he was convinced that the tools
were made by the little Floresians.
"It's a wonderful demonstration of apparently 'archaic' humans adapting
to the special conditions on Flores," Dr. Rightmire said. "I wouldn't
have supposed that such small-brained people descended directly from
Homo erectus would be capable of producing these artifacts, but the
evidence is pretty compelling."
The new findings add to the rapidly emerging picture of Homo erectus,
long overshadowed by the better-known Neanderthals of Europe.
Like the Neanderthals, Homo erectus generally disappears from the scene
just before modern humans arrived in its territory. The little
Floresians not only survived long into the modern period but, unlike
most of the other archaic human populations, managed to coexist with
them. They also demonstrate the adaptability of the human form and how
readily humans conformed to the same pressures for pygmification that
affected other island species.
Most of the extraordinary finds in paleontology have been surprising
because they were so old.
"What's exciting about this one is that it's so late, telling us about
the processes and patterns of evolution in a way that's deeply
informative," Dr. Foley said.